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BattleofNewOrleans.org

 

 

Background of the Battle part 1

 

The British Plan of Attack

 

New Orleans before the invasion

 

British and American Commanders

 

 Weapons of the Battle of New Orleans

 

 

Background of the Battle part 2

 

Warning from Jean Laffite

 

Attack on Lafitte's base

Sept 16, 1814

 

Background of the Battle part 3

 

Jackson placed in command

 

Battle of the Gunboats  Dec 14, 1814

 

Jackson and the Baratarians

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The Battle of New Orleans: Andrew Jackson and America's First Military Victory

 

Listen to a free audio book about the Battle of New Orleans

 

 

Patriotic Fire: Andrew Jackson and Jean Laffite at the Battle of New Orleans

 

 

War of 1812 DVD

 

Battle of New Orleans

t shirt

 

 

 

 

 

 

First Battles

 

The British Land

Dec 22, 1814

 

The Fight in the Dark Dec 23, 1814   

 

The Carolina bombards British positons

Dec 23, 1814

 

The Grand Reconnaissance

Dec 28, 1814

 

Hunting parties and 'Indian Warfare'

The New Years and Jan 8th Battles

 

The Battle of New Years Day

Jan 1 , 1815

 

The Main battle

Jan 8, 1815

 

 

re-enactment photos and videos

 

What if the Americans lost the Battle of New Orleans ?

 

visiting the battlefield

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The British Plan of Attack 

 

map of the area around New Orleans and the route of the British fleet

 

The Battle of New Orleans was the last major battle of the War of 1812 . Late in November 1814, a large British expeditionary force  of 18,000 in 50 vessels sailed from Jamaica under Sir Edward Pakenham, a hero of the Peninsular war.  A complete civil governmental staff, with printing presses, were with them as well, to rule over 'the Crown Colony of Louisiana.' The British troops were composed of veterans from  the war with Napoleon and the invasion of Washington and considered the best in theworld. The American commander, Andrew Jackson had used up almost all of his ammunition and most of his flints in the Creek War (1813-14), which was effectively ended at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend on March 27, 1814 in central Alabama. The Baratarians under Jean Lafitte supplied the powder,flints,cannon balls and ship cannister.

 

The British, expected to sweep aside the meager American force, seize the 'Beauty and Booty' of the rich trading port of New Orleans and with the Mississippi in their hands, separate the western states from the rest of the Union . The British expected the French and Spanish settlers and the large slave population of the sugar cane and cotton plantations, which the planned to free, would aid them in their conquest. If the British were able to take New Orleans they would be in a much stronger bargaining position at the ongoing peace talks, which had started at Ghent, Belgium  on August 8, 1814.

 

The battlefield today in 2008. 32 pounder from the Carolina

 

The British were making objections at the negotiations to drag the process out out, counting on a victory at New Orleans .A British victory might even tip the New England states into succeeding, perhaps even ending the American 'experiment and bring the colonies back into the English fold.Louisiana wassold by Napoleon to the United States in 1803 for $15 million.

 

In 1812, it became the 18th state admitted to the Union. Barely a month after admission, President James Madison declared war against the British. The embargo and subsequent British blockade made smugglers such as Jean Lafitte rich, but there was little action till the British planned to invade in 1814. The war had been a disaster for the Americans up to this point. The embargo and blockade wrecked the economy, the invasions of Canada had failed and Washington itself had been invaded and the White House burned .New England states were threatening succession .

 

New Orleans before the invasion 

 

Flag raising ceremony in the Place d'Armes on Dec 20, 1803, after 1803 Napoleon sold Louisiana  to the U.S. in the Louisiana Purchase

 

In New Orleans there was general knowledge of the coming attack, but no positive evidence till Jean Laffite sent his a warning to Governor Claiborne, which he had sent after the British attemped to bribe him into aiding the British cause with 30,000 British pounds and a commission in the British navy on Sept 3, 1814 by Captain Nicholas Lockyer and a Captain McWilliams. In response to the British offer he requested 15 days to sound out his men on the matter, but really to buy time to warn the Americans.

 

Why did Laffite chose to aid the Americans ? Possibly a combination a reasons, hatred for the English and their war with Napoleon and a belief that it was better to be a privateer under American rule with its weaker rule, than British, with the strongest navy in the world. According to others he was inspired by American democracy and owed a debt to Americans, who rescued him as a child. The knowledge Laffite had of the bayous leading into New Orleans from Barataria bay and his being the leader or bos of the Baratarian privateers and smugglers on Grand Terre island and made him an import player to the British and Americans. The Laffite's also had well trained gun crews and large stores of flints, gunpowder and other supplies .

 

British and American Commanders 

British

 

Admiral Sir Alexander Cochrane(1758-1832). A veteran of the American Revolution and Napoleonic Wars. He ordered the bombardment of Fort McHenry in Baltimore, Maryland. He was the chief planner in the attempt to capture New Orleans. Cochrane had submitted a plan to the secretary of war stating that a British force could land in Mobile,be joined by Indians ans disaffected French and Spaniards and drive the Americans out of Louisiana.Cochrane was unable to procure shallow draft flatboats he wanted to attack New Orleans from Lake Pontchartain, and decided to attack New Orleans from the south

. Cochrane departed with the invasion fleet before Pakenham arrived.

 

Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas Mullins. (d. 1823 ) Failed  to provide ladders and fascines which would enable the British troops to cross the ditch and scale the American ramparts. A court-martialed afterwards in Dublin .It was reported that General Gibbs  was overheard to say, " If I live till to-morrow, I 'll hang that cowardly rascal, Mullins , on the highest tree in the country."

Sir Edward Michael Pakenham (1778-1815) Praised for his performance at Salamanca, one of the greatest British triumphs in the Napoleonic Wars .He was appointed promoted to the rank of major-general  to replace General Robert Ross as commander of the British North American army, after Ross was killed by a sniper. The arrival of Sir Edward Pakenham in the English camp on Christmad Day revived the spirit of the troops. He found his army at a vast distance from the ships, cooped up in a narrow space, scarcely a mile in width, with the Mississippi on their left, an impassable marsh on their right, the enemy strongly intrenched in front. Pakenham was angry at the position the army found itself in, and would have liked to have attacked via the Chef Menteur Road.Admiral Cochrane believed that the British Army would destroy a motley American army and allegedly said that " If you wish. I will take the city with my sailors and marines, and the army can bring up the baggage." Pakenham scarcely believed in the possibility of success under the circumstances, but vowed that he would make the effort, let the consequences be what they might. Had the army had been withdrawn, and the enterprise abandoned as impracticable, there would have ensueda popular outcry at home.

 

Colonel William Thornton (1779 - 1840) Led the attack with 1,400 men on the west bank on the Mississippi and siezed the American battaruies there, but too late to support the main attack on the east bank.Severely wounded in the battle.

 

Major General Sir John Lambert (1772-1847) took command following the death of General Pakenham. His troops were held in reserve during the main battle and prevented an American counter-attack. Following the battle, the British army withdrew from Louisiana and attacked Mobile, Alabama. In the opening stages of the campaign, 1,000 British soldiers under Lambert won the Second Battle of Fort Bowyer (February 7-12, 1815 ), the last engagement in the War of 1812.

 

 

General John Keane(1781-1844) Keane could have attacked the city by advancing for a few hours up the river road, which was undefended all the way to New Orleans, but he made the fateful decision to encamp at Lacoste's Plantation and wait for the arrival of reinforcements. Commanded  the 95th, the light companies ofthe 21st, 4th, and 44th, and two black corps in the main battle, attacking the American lines closest to the river. Seeing the  plight of Gibbs's division near the woods, he obliqued across  the interval to their assistance. It was rashly considered but  bravely done in the face of the American fire. He was severly wouded in the battle.

 

Major General Samuel Gibbs (1771-1815)

In charge of the main British thrust against the American line held by Coffee close to the swamp, on Jan 8,  killed in battle20 yards from the American lines.

American Commanders

Andrew Jackson in 1815, age 48. Painting taken from a minature in ivory by Jean Francious Vallee just after the battle.

 

Andrew Jackson (1767-1845) was the American commander at the Battle of New Orleans. Jackson had a deep and abiding hatred for the British after his treatment as a POW in the Revolutionary War. The young Jackson and his brother,who was also captured,were nearly starved to death in captivity and Andrew's head and hands were slashed by a British officer's sword after refusing to clean the officer's boots. His brother died a few days after their release. His mother died from cholera after nursing wounded soldiers. Andrew, whose father died before he was born,was an orphan at 14. Jackson's entire immediate family had died from hardships during the war for which Jackson blamed the British.

In 1787, he was admitted to the bar, and moved to Jonesborough, in what was then the Western District of North Carolina and later became Tennessee. He also served in the miltia,fighting Indians.In 1796, he was elected to Congress from the newly formed state of Tennessee. In 1802, he won the election to become the major general of Tennessee's militia. He earned the nickname "Old Hickory" for his toughness, he gave up his horse to a sick soldiers and walked 500 miles from Natchez Trace to Nashville in 1813.

 

Around 250 settlers,slaves and friendly Indians  were killed in the Fort Mims Massacre, in Alabama by Creek Indians in 1813  In the resulting Creek War, Jackson commanded the Tennessee army,and impressed the army command with his victories in that conflict. The army appointed him major general in the regular army in May 1814 in command of the Seventh Military District, made up of Tennessee,Louisians,the Mississippi Territory and the Creek Nation.

 

On Nov 22,1814, Jackson departed Mobile for New Orleans and arrived on Dec 1,1814, haggard from dysentary. He set up his headquarters at 106 Royal Street.

 

Brigader General John Coffee

(1772-1833) Johnson's longtime friend and married Jackson's niece.. He took part in the bitter night fight of Dec23, which Jackson jokingly called a 'fandango' replying to a British boast that they would dine in New Orleans by Christmas. In the main battle he commanded the line nearest the swamp.

 

Major General William Carroll (1788-1844)

 

Dominique You (1775-1830) Half brother of Jean Lafitte and an artillerist in the army of Revolutionary France.. was appointed commander of a company of artillery, which was composed of the best gunners drawn from Lafittes' ships. His men fought with such courage and effectiveness in the Battle of New Orleans on January 8, 1815, that they were mentioned in General Andrew Jackson's general order of January 21 as "having shown uncommon gallantry and skill in the field". Because of this, all charges against Dominique You were dropped, and he settled quietly in New Orleans where he became a politician and supporter of General Jackson. You died in New Orleans in 1830. He was given a military funeral paid for by the public.

 

 

 

 

 

 

video montage of New Orleans from 1800 to the present

 

video of Johnny Horton (1925-60) singing " The Battle of New Orleans'  on the Ed Sullivan Show. The song was originally written by Jimmy Driftwood (1907-1998) a school principal in Arkansas to get students interested in history. The song was a  hit in 1959. Horton omitted the use of 'hell' and 'damn' from the original.  A version with better audio quality.

 

video of Jimmy Driftwood version of the song with lyrics

 

a documentary of the War of 1812

road lined with old oaks close to the battlefield

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Warning from Jean Laffite

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